AIDS Article Free Essays

The article is composed by a gay man, who lost his first accomplice to AIDS and devoted himself to spreading data about HIV avoidance and battling for legislative consideration regarding the issue so as to spare ‘other gay and androgynous men from losing the ones they love’ (Williams, 2006, para. 6). Clark Williams likewise filled in as the between time official executive of the Billy DeFrank LGBT Community Center right now of the article’s discharge and as a supervisor of county’s HIV counteraction, advising, and testing initiatves in 2001-2003. We will compose a custom exposition test on Helps Article or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The article reports the LGBT people group of Santa Clara County joining other concerned residents at a gathering where the county’s Board of Supervisors Chair vowed to pull in extra money related assets to reinforce general wellbeing framework even with quickening pace of HIV transmission. The focal point of the exertion ought to be counteraction and early conclusion. The article reviews the beginning of HIV/AIDS scourge that was first viewed as an uncommon type of disease jeopardizing gay and swinger male New Yorkers. In 2006, the quantity of Americans who passed on from AIDS arrived at 550,000 and kept on developing. Around 40,000 residents are getting tainted with HIV consistently. Santa Clause Clara County, as far as it matters for its, has lost 2,000 inhabitants to the ailment. More than 2,500 were living with HIV/AIDS; this number may have been significantly higher in light of the fact that one of every three residents having HIV stays undiscovered. 80 percent of new contaminations with the infection in Santa Clara County were among gay and promiscuous guys. Santa Clause Clara County is accounted for as being ‘near the core of our nation’s HIV/AIDS epidemic’ (Williams, 2006, para. 5). Aside from concentrating on the human catastrophe of living with HIV determination or loosing a companion, a relative, an associate, or a neighbor to the infection, the article talks about the issue of HIV/AIDS through the crystal of monetary weight on the county’s government disability framework. Lifetime cost of HIV treatment is assessed to be as high as $155,000 per understanding. These expenses are a lot higher if the illness isn't analyzed at beginning times, which is frequently the situation in Santa Clara County, where patients find out about their HIV status in a crisis room. Nonetheless, the creator takes note of a few constructive improvements in the field of general wellbeing, for example, hazard decrease directing to individuals living with HIV/AIDS and open HIV test advising areas. Santa Clause Clara County is contrasted and San Francisco, where HIV test guiding offices are bottomless. In Santa Clara County, there is just a single open testing office, regardless of the way that the quantity of LGBT is more than 100,000 in the region. The Billy DeFrank LGBT Community Center is considered as the most fitting spot to build up another full-time test advising office, since it is known for its greatness in giving HIV anticipation to in danger populace. One extra testing office won't take care of the issue in the region. It isn't just LGBT populace that is particularly influenced by the spread of HIV/AIDS. Other helpless gatherings incorporate ethnic minorities, destitute and runaway youth, and medication addicts. In this way, five low maintenance testing focuses ought to be opened across Santa Clara County. One of the primary qualities of the article is the way that it is composed from an insider’s viewpoint. Affinity between the writer and perusers is promptly settled when Clark Williams shares his own catastrophe of loosing his cherished once to AIDS. Nonetheless, enthusiastic emotion isn't the fundamental part of the writer’s believability: Williams is a pioneer of Santa Clara County’s LGBT people group, proficient of the real Status Quo as to HIV/AIDS anticipation and guiding. Step by step instructions to refer to AIDS Article, Papers

Karl Marx Essays (1871 words) - Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels

Karl Marx Human connections have consistently been dynamic. Change and flexibility have gone connected at the hip with the progression of time for human culture. Frameworks have been created to manage, direct and control the assets of this general public. The frameworks are alluded to as governments and the assets as the people or occupants and powers of creation. An administration must be dynamic in its tendency mirroring the adjustment in the public arena. On occasion these frameworks have opposed the need to adjust with its parts (Society) making a shortage between the framework and those it manages. As the deficiencies create, they cause shakiness, furthermore, could prompt revolution.1 Theories have been created to clarify the fundamental marvel Karl Marx was the best mastermind and rationalist of his time. His view changed the manner by which individuals think. He made an open door for the lower class to transcend the nobles and bombed due to the making of the white collar class. In spite of this disappointment, he was as yet an extraordinary political pioneer and set the premise of Communism in Russia. His life contributed to the manner in which individuals think today, and on account of him individuals are progressively open to recommendation and are faster to make thoughts on policy driven issues. Karl Heinrich Marx was conceived May fifth, 1818 in Trier. In spite of the fact that he had three different kin, all sisters, he was the most loved kid to his Father, Heinrich. His mom, a Dutch Jewess named Henrietta Pressburg, had no enthusiasm for Karl's scholarly side during his life. His dad was a Jewish legal counselor, and before his passing in 1838, changed over his family to Christianity to save his activity with the Prussian state. At the point when Heinrich's mom kicked the bucket, he no longer felt he had a commitment to his religion, along these lines helping him in the choice in going to Christianity. Karl's adolescence was an upbeat and lighthearted one. His folks had a decent relationship and it help set Karl the correct way. His ?astonishing characteristic endowments' stirred in his dad the expectation that they would one day be utilized in the administration of humankind, while his mom proclaimed him everything would go well. (A mind-blowing narrative, Mehring, page 2). In High school Karl stuck out among the group. When requested to compose a report On the most proficient method to pick a calling he adopted an alternate strategy. He took the point wherein most intrigued him, by saying that there was no real way to pick a calling, yet due to conditions one is put in an occupation. An individual with a noble foundation is bound to have a higher job in the public arena as juxtaposed to somebody from an a lot more unfortunate foundation. While at Bonn at the time of eighteen he got connected with to Jenny von Westphalen, little girl of the upperclassmen Ludwig von Westphalen. She was the beloved companion of Marx's most established sister, Sophie. The commitment was a mystery one, which means they got connected with without inquiring consent of Jenny's folks. Heinrich Marx was uncomfortable with this yet previously long the assent was given. Karl's school life other than his imprints is obscure. He never talked about his companions as an adolescent, and nobody has ever came to discuss him through his life. He left secondary school in August of 1835 to go on to the College of Bonn in the fall of that year to examine law. His dad needed him to be an attorney much such as himself yet when Karl's wild college life was disrupting the general flow following a year Heinrich moved him to Berlin. Likewise, he didn't go to most talks, and demonstrated little enthusiasm for what was to be learned. Karl's wild ways were not endured at Berlin, an increasingly traditionalist school without the insidious methods of different colleges. While at Berlin, Marx turned out to be a piece of the gathering known as the Yong Hegelians. The gathering was sorted out to some degree because of the way of thinking instructor Hegel that educated from 1818 to his demise. The lessons of Hegel formed the manner in which the school thought towards most things. The individuals who considered Hegel and his beliefs were known as the Young Hegelians. Hegel discussed the turn of events and advancement of the psyche and of thoughts. Despite the fact that Karl was more youthful than most in the gathering, he was perceived for his scholarly capacity and turned into the focal point of the gathering. While at Berlin He came to accept that all the different sciences and ways of thinking were some portion of one larger, which, when finished, which would give a valid and absolute image of the universe and man.

Understanding of Life after Death Essay Example for Free

Comprehension of Life after Death Essay Regarding the subjects you have explored, analyze and remark on the case that the lessons of the new confirmation don't increase the value of our estimation of our comprehension of Life in the afterlife. (50 imprints) The case that the lessons of the New Testament don't increase the value of our estimation of our comprehension of eternal life is an extremely large case to make. Regarding the points I have researched, 1Cor 15, St. Paul, Soma, The Soul, Dualism, Monism and the Empty Tomb, I will inspect and remark on that guarantee. This case is disputable in light of the fact that it has numerous complaints from different researchers and numerous Christians. In 1 Corinthians 15 there are six key areas. The first is Christ’s Resurrection. Here Paul is quick to tell the Corinthians that he isn’t the instructor on eternal life and that he is basically passing on Jesus’ message, on the grounds that as we probably am aware, Jesus was the educator and his missionaries, which later included Paul after Damascus, were his envoys. The subsequent segment is the disavowal of the restoration. Paul says that a few people contend that â€Å"there will be no revival of the dead† and a few researchers contend this is definitely not a philosophical contention, yet Paul contends that the spirit is interminable and not the body. Paul shows the religious ramifications of the complaints from Corinth are that in the event that dead men don’t rise, at that point Christ didn't rise and Christian confidence is vacant. Paul keeps on saying that on the off chance that Christ was not raised, at that point our proclaiming is futile. Plainly Jesus’ restoration more likely than not occurred as the custom has endure. The third segment is about the results of Christ’s revival. Barrett composes that â€Å"the revival of Christ is a vow and evidence of the restoration of his people†. St Paul makes an immediate connection among Adam and Christ, Adam’s activities had broad results, for example, unique sin and Christ’s Resurrection has too such outcome, for example, widespread salvation. Paul goes on around two distinct requests, Christ and his adherents. Morris contends that the Greek word for obliterated doesn't infer battling, only that all standard, other than Christ, we will be rendered invalid and void. Segment four is about the Arguments from Christian Experience. V29 realizes a sudden change in center, and St Paul moves from Christ to Christian. Area five goes on about a substantial revival. St Pauls utilizes the wonder of the reap and says that are bodies are â€Å"sown up† in debasement, disrespect and shortcoming, however it will be brought up in incorruption, greatness and force. Paul’s educating of a celebrated body is a stamped distinction from Jewish idea, as they anticipated an indistinguishable body. Segment six and the last segment is about the triumph over death. This is the place Paul clarified that the individuals who rise will be extraordinary and not fragile living creature and blood. Paul focuses on the coherence present and future state with fourfold utilization of the word â€Å"this†. He underscores that ‘this’ transient and ‘this’ mortal will be dressed with imperishablity and everlasting status. As I would like to think, 1Cor 15 doesn’t help the case that the lessons of the New Testament don't add anything to our comprehension of Life after Death since it enlightens us concerning how we can topple passing and crush it. John Drane contends that Paul’s change making progress toward Damascus, along with Jesus’ Passion, Death and Resurrection, persuaded that he was genuinely living within the sight of God. From a nearby investigation of the New Testament, it tends to be contended that St Paul changed his conviction about restoration as time advanced. St Paul talked about Parousia to the Christians. The Parousia is the last triumph over insidiousness, when Jesus rises once more. At first, St Paul held a solid whole-world destroying view which was that all Christians will live until the Parousia, yet this was tested by the Thessalonian Christians, the same number of them started to bite the dust. St Paul at that point said that the individuals who have passed on will be raised to new life at the Parousia. He at that point included that the individuals who were all the while living toward the finish of time of the Parousia would be changed at a similar moment. St Paul at that point announced that this change would not be abrupt, however a steady change, starting with transformation and consummation with death, which would lead legitimately into another presence in an otherworldly body without the requirement for the Parousia to show up first. Drane contends that the change in St Paul’s thinking speaks to a change from foul Jewish view to a progressively complex position that owed a ton to the impact of Greek way of thinking. The Greek Tradition is that the Hellenistic intuition started from Plato who said that the spirit is insignificant and doesn't consume space. It in this way doesn't break down. It is undying. While the Jewish view is that they accepted that, somehow or another, the spirit starts to die at death, and the psycho-physical solidarity that was the individual is re-made somewhere else. The inquiry has been posed regarding whether Paul at any point put stock in otherworldly restoration? Regardless of whether Paul believed in a profound restoration, at that point that would demonstrate to help our comprehension on Life in the afterlife. Most researchers can't help contradicting the thought that St Paul had confidence in an absolutely profound revival, as this is an extremely crude Christian conviction that has since been supplanted with faith in a physical restoration. Anyway Carrier and Friedman keep up that there are various contentions to help this view. To begin with, that St Paul encountered a dream making progress toward Damascus, during which he was changed over. In this way, it is sensible to propose that the appearances were comprehended by Paul to likewise be dreams, and not truly physical events, as depicted in the Gospel of Luke and John. For Paul utilized a similar Greek word to portray the ‘appearance’ in the two occurrences. Furthermore, that in 1Cor 15, Paul composes of ‘perishable’ and ‘imperishable’ bodies; he additionally makes a differentiation between things of earth and things of paradise. Since he doesn’t disavow the prevalent view that things of paradise are ethereal, it tends to be contended that the individuals at Corinth previously acknowledged it. In this manner, it is ‘prima facie’ that it is sensible to recommend that St Paul was inferring that the ‘imperishable body’ was ethereal, and not physical. Besides, St Paul truly makes this qualification calling the short-lived body ‘psychikos’ which implies a characteristic body and the perpetual body ‘pneumatikos’ which is an otherworldly body, and says that the two of them exist together in one body. He says that the body we know, the collection of tissue, is own solitary this other, second body, the body of the soul, ascends to new life. At long last, St Paul says, that â€Å"flesh and blood can't acquire the Kingdom of God† on the grounds that they are a piece of the short-lived body, though it is a long-lasting body that ascents to new life. However these contentions have been out and out dismissed by most of researchers, who favor the possibility that St Paul did really trust in a real restoration. So for what reason does it appear to be persuading to such an extent that St Paul had faith in a substantial revival? Academic discussion has distinguished that right off the bat, Paul’s self-recognized Jewish legacy blocks such an end. Also, that the language Paul uses to portray the revival, most prominently â€Å"soma†, accentuates the physical idea of the restored individual. What's more, thirdly lastly, Paul’s conviction that Christians quickly went to be with Jesus upon their passing, yet at the same time anticipated a â€Å"resurrection† exhibits that the revival being talked about was a physical one. I accept that there is no uncertainty that there is a solid Jewish foundation to Christianity. Transporter and Friedman overlook this foundation, contending that since Christianity changed some Jewish convictions, there is no piece of Judaism that is enlightening to Christianity. The little respect that Carrier and Friedman display for Paul’s Jewish foundation is in direct repudiation of the significance Paul obviously puts on it. Bearer again endeavors to confound the issue by contending that, regardless of whether Paul was a Jew, just the Pharisees had faith in a real restoration. The Sadducees and Essenes didn't. In addition, Young contends that Pharisees focused on a strict restoration of the physical body, which would be brought together with the soul of a person. By adjusting himself to a Pharisaic foundation, Paul gives us a significant understanding into the importance he connects the term ‘resurrection’; he had faith in a physical restoration of the body. â€Å"Soma† underscores the physical. In his composition, St Paul utilizes the Greek word ‘soma’ to allude to the body. Critically, he doesn't utilize it exclusively for alluding to revival; fortifying the contention that when it is utilized to allude to restoration, it will bite the dust; yet it will likewise be restored. â€Å"Soma† is additionally referenced in the NT yet not alluding to revival. In 1Cor 15:3, Paul says that his ‘soma’ is absent with the Corinthians, however his ‘spirit’ is; underlining the physical idea of the ‘soma’. Barrett contends that Paul’s utilization of the word ‘spirit’ here informal as opposed to philosophical. In Rom 4:19, ‘soma’ is utilized to portray how the assortments of Abraham and Sarah were too old to possibly be rich; its physical nature, once more, focused. In like manner, the very reality that Paul utilizes the term ‘soma’ to clarif y the restoration shows that he is alluding to a physical occasion that includes the body of the adherent. Furthermore, Paul utilizes the similarity of the seed, focusing on the congruity of the natural body with the resurrecte

The Declaration of independence essays

The Declaration of freedom papers The Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson, is the report where American homesteaders battled for their opportunity from British guideline. The Second Continental Congress, with agents of the 13 British provinces in America, embraced the assertion on July 4, 1776. The report is partitioned into three sections, a presentation which is an announcement of chief concerning privileges of man of the unrest against Britain, a rundown of explicit grumblings not to parliament however to King George III, and a proper case of freedom from England. The Declaration of Independence mirrored the illuminated thoughts of European scholar John Locke and Sir Thomas Paine. John Locke was a logician who was the originator of the idea of government and the accepted that all individuals are equivalent with specific rights that the legislature can't damage on. The other man that had a great deal of impact in the possibility of freedom was Sir Thomas Paine. This 50 page leaflet declared that provinces got no preferred position from England which was misusing them. It additionally called for thought of provinces to get free and build up their own republican government. The Birthday of another world is close by said Thomas Paine; he additionally contrasted the government with a foundation. The one individual who was singled out in the Declaration of Independence was King George III. There were motivations to why the King is being asked or fundamentally told for what good reason this call for partition and autonomy. The ruler wouldn't make laws for the states prosperity. He preclude for governors to pass significant laws promptly that would profit states. That he set up the directing government over the Atlantic Ocean, by doing this depleted states legislative proposals into understanding since it took such a long time for an answer. The enormous one was that the he permitted Parliament to burden with no proper portrayal from province delegates. To finish it off he cut o... <! The Declaration of Independence expositions Over the span of time there are numerous contentions. There ought to be no compelling reason to battle with each other. America is for opportunity. There shouldnt be such a significant number of set backs to make things harder. Individuals ought to have the decision to pick how they need to live. They shouldnt need to engage in political contentions. In the event that everybody could simply regard conclusions and hear them out as opposed to getting issues made. We should all simply deal with ourselves. Homesteaders accept that the privileges of all pilgrims ought to be reasonable. Government should attempt to avoid homesteaders business. The motivation behind an administration is to keep everything sorted out. Government ought not need to battle among itself and cause issues in light of the fact that these issues begin to make pioneers lives more earnestly. Individuals all reserve the privilege to assessments and talk up to tell individuals issues. On the off chance that administration is chosen by settlers is ought to be changed by the pilgrims. The ruler had done numerous things to damage the pioneers. The lord had made us house and deal with fighters. This attacks protection of pilgrims. This is a cost that lone the lord should pay for considering he is the one that chooses to make there be troopers. The lord ought not have put burdens on sugar and molasses since it stops individuals that sell it from raking in boatloads of cash since certain individuals won't make good on charges. This makes pioneers that sell sugar hard to bring in cash. The lord ought not make homesteaders pay for stamps on everything and should just need to pay for everything once on the grounds that it is extremely badly arranged. The ruler shouldnt confine settling territories and should just barely get it more cash-flow for the land. The lord ought not make all pilgrims demonstration certain ways. He should let pilgrims support themselves and offer thoughts on how things ought to be changed without there being a major issue. America should remain solitary aside fro ... <!

Baseball History Research Paper

Baseball History Research Paper For many decades baseball has been a great source of entertainment and fun for a huge range of fans from all over the world. As we know, the first game was played in Hoboken, New Jersey on June 19, 1846. On that day the NY Knickerbockers were defeated by the NY Nine with the score of 23-1. The baseball players were keeping up to the rules, established by Alexander J. Cartwright. There’s also a myth that the inventor of baseball was Abner Doubleday, but that is not true. The basic rules of the game were created by Alexander Cartwright. The Cincinnati Red Stockings were the first professional baseball team, who played a range of successful games in 1869. The rules have been changing during the whole period of the game’s existence. In 1900 they were almost like the ones we have today. Nowadays a new generation of baseball players has come. Among them is Mark McGwire, Sammie Sosa, etc. However, there’s one significant difference between the players of our days and the ones from the previous decades. The baseball players are making huge sums of money now. Millions of dollars they get as their prizes. Also the equipment for the game has changed. For example, it was like that in the case with gloves. At first, the baseball players wore thin leather pieces on their hands. It had 5 holes for fingers. In 1890ies the gloves looked like the ones the players wear nowadays. You may wonder how come that

Chronotopic Shaping and Reshaping in H.G. Wells The Time Machine and Octavia E. Butlers Kindred - Literature Essay Samples

Mikhail Bakhtin, in his essay Forms of Time and Chronotope in the Novel, argues that the chronotope of a literary work – the configuration of time and space in the fictional world that the text projects – is inextricably connected with its characters: the image of man in literature†¦ is always intrinsically chronotopic. (Bakhtin, 85). In this paper I will apply his theory to two radically different texts that deal with time travel: H.G. Wells The Time Machine and Octavia Butlers Kindred. H.G. Wells The Time Machine contains three different chronotopes: the chronotope of the novellas frame narrative, the chronotope of the future world of 802,701, and the chronotope of the post-apocalyptic world. The chronotope of the frame narrative is the time travel chronotope, in which temporality and spatiality fuse together: time becomes a fourth dimension of Space (Wells, 8), and therefore it is a nexus in which both time and space are isotropic. A corollary of this unified sp ace-time continuum is predestination, because the ability to travel through time presupposes a fixed history, in order to avoid various logical paradoxes, such as the grandfather paradox. Hence, the free will of the characters situated in the fictional world constructed around this chronotope is of no ontological consequence; they are powerless to change their reality or shape their future. I suggest that the predestination governing this fictional world is precisely the cause of the characters lack of psychological depth: they are all stock characters, most of them named only after their profession and conforming to their professional stereotype the Medical Man is skeptical, the Editor is nosy and eager for a scoop, the Psychologist listens attentively and feigns understanding and the Time Traveler is eccentric and fervent, as any archetypical mad scientist. Their inherent flatness is the structural result of the time travel chronotope: complex characters with a rich background, p ersonal desires, passions, thoughts and quirks are ill-fit for a world upon which they have no impact. The chronotope of the future world of 802,701 is the evolution chronotope. This future world is the end result of environmental changes brought about by upper class humans, which led in turn to the division of the human race into two distinct species, one decadent and the other animalistic, due to the mechanism of natural selection, which prevents the preservation of traits that are no longer necessary for the survival of a species, like intellect in the case of the future humans. Natural selection, as delineated by Charles Darwin, links events together by contingency rather than design, because it is based on random changes in environment. It may be argued, however, that natural selection does not negate determinism, since it is possible that a force beyond nature governs environmental alterations that seem random. Nonetheless, the implied author of the narrative remains faithful to the Darwinistic paradigm and constructs the timeline of this fictional world as mutable, as is evident in the Time Travelers behavior: he acts as if he has free will and his actions have consequences. Moreover, he blames the human race for its own deterioration I grieved to think how brief the dream of the human intellect had been. It had committed suicide. (85) thereby preassuming that the humans responsible for the situation could have acted differently. Thus, from the implied authors ontological point of view, the fictional world of the embedded narrative is governed by contingency. Accordingly, its chronotope is the intersection of unbounded space and linear time, with a mutable timeline, bounded only by the Time Travelers quest for the Time Machine: the moment he recovers it, the Time Traveler leaves this world and the discourse time of this narrative comes to an end. The evolution chronotope shapes characters differently from the way they were molded by the time travel ch ronotope. The Time Traveler is no longer an archetypal mad scientist, but rather a complex man who struggles to survive in a dangerous world. We are given a much deeper insight into his emotions and frailties: at the outset we see him losing control I remember running violently†¦ beating the bushes with my clenched fists†¦ laying hands upon them and shaking them up together. (40) later on he wastes his precious matches on amusing the Eloi, and towards the end of his journey he accidentally burns down an entire forest. However, the Time Travelers psychological complexity manifests itself most clearly in his attitude towards Weena: he states that she was exactly like a child (48), and yet flirts with her she kissed my hands. I did the same to hers. (48); he complains that that he had as much trouble as comfort from her devotion (48), but immediately qualifies the complaint Nevertheless she was, somehow, a very great comfort (48); finally he feels the intensest wretchedne ss for the horrible death of little Weena (84), but asserts that she always seemed to me, I fancy, more human than she was, perhaps because her affection was so human. (70). In this context it is interesting to note that the Time Traveler perceives affection as an inherently human trait, because none of the characters in the frame narrative evince affection, although they are all human in the usual sense of the world. Furthermore, the Time Traveler himself expresses affection only towards Weena. To recapitulate, the Time Travelers shift from a world constructed around the time travel chronotope, to a world unified by the evolution chronotope, brings about his transformation from a flat character to a round one, who expresses the range of irrational behavior and conflicting thoughts and emotions that is the hallmark of psychological depth. We may therefore surmise that in this novella complexity of character is only rendered possible in a fictional world that entails temporal fluidit y. Furthermore, time in the future world of 802,701 leaves its marks on the Time Traveler His coat was dusty and dirty†¦ his face was ghastly pale†¦ his expression was haggard and drawn, as by intense suffering (17) whereas time in the fictional world of the frame narrative does not seem to alter the characters physically or mentally. This contrast is another corollary of the difference between the chronotopes of the two worlds.It may also be worth mentioning the third chronotope of the novella, which lies at the core of the post-apocalyptic fictional world. In this chronotope space is boundless, whereas time is both boundless and static at the same time. On the one hand, temporality is a dimension in this world, because otherwise there could be no movement within it. On the other hand, the life of this world is almost completely extinct the sun is dying, civilization is long gone, and the only creature remaining is a round thing†¦ black against the weltering blood -red water (93) – and without life time is in many aspects meaningless. Be that as it may, the chronotope of the post-apocalyptic world has little opportunity to influence the Time Traveler, since he quickly flees in horror of this great darkness (92). The difference between the shaping of fictional characters by the time travel chronotope to their shaping by the evolution chronotope may also offer a solution to one of the central mysteries of the text: why does the Time Traveler decide to undertake another journey in time, despite the fact that he narrowly escaped unscathed the first time? Ostensibly, he journeys in search of more tangible proof of his travels. However, the Time Traveler ipso facto cannot bring back proof substantial enough to make people believe him, because then in all probability the future he describes would be averted due to precautions taken in his present time, and if the future he describes no longer exists, then it is not possible that he travele d into this future, thereby creating a logical paradox. The Time Traveler, as a scientist, is probably aware of this paradox. Therefore, I suggest that he undertakes a second journey in time because he desires to enter, once again, a world structured around a chronotope that, to the extent of his knowledge, does not dictate a fixed timeline. He is well aware that the future of his own world is fixed, but by traveling to a world in which, from his limited point of view, the future may be open, the Time Traveler believes that he is once again assuming control over his life and mastering his fate. Perhaps that is why he has never returned (99). Octavia E. Butlers Kindred contains two chronotopes. The first chronotope, like that of The Time Machines frame narrative, is the time travel chronotope. In order to distinguish it from The Time Machines chronotope, I will henceforth call it the modern chronotope, since it predominantly deals with space and time in the twentieth century. The tem poral movement enabled by the modern chronotope is far more limited than that which is enabled by the Time Machines time travel chronotope. Dana, the narrator and protagonist, can travel through a vast stretch of time and space within a few moments, but this travel is restricted to shifts between her new house in Altadena, California, in the time span of a few weeks between the 9th of June to the 4th of July 1976, and Rufus Weylins immediate surroundings in Maryland, during Rufus lifetime between the 1830s to the 1850s. It is important to note two things about this chronotope, concerning the instances in which Dana is not time traveling. First, on the diegetic level temporality is linear: the narrative moves forward in time from Danas birthday to an unknown instance – as soon as my arm was well enough (262) – after the time travel has come to an end. On the extradiegetic level there are a few external analepses and one internal prolepsis (the loss of Danas arm), but th ese anachronisms are irrelevant to the discussion of the chronotope, because if we were to reconstruct the story from the narrative discourse, these events would be part of a linear timeline. Second, with the exception of the narrative anachronisms aforementioned, space is bounded to Danas home, precisely because of her abnormal spatial-temporal movement: I was still afraid to leave the house Driving, I could easily kill myself, and the car would kill other people if Rufus called me from it at the wrong time. Walking, I could get dizzy and fall while crossing the street. (116). Thus, the modern chronotope is an intersection of limited isotropic time and bounded space. However, despite the logical paradoxes of time travel, this chronotope does not create a fictional world governed by predestination. There are no textual indications that the actions of the fictional characters lack ontological consequences, thereby reducing them to the level of pawns of a fixed future. Quite the contr ary, Dana is portrayed as an especially independent and free thinking young woman, who talks back to her boss, decides to be a writer despite the objections of her aunt and uncle, marries the man she loves regardless of racial difference and family disapproval, and stands her ground when her husband attempts to force her into activities she detests, such as typing. Thus, although the implied author is clearly aware of time travel paradoxes, as she articulates through the Danas musings regarding Rufus His life could not depend on the actions of his unconceived descendant. No matter what I did, he would survive to father Hagar, or I could not exist. That made sense. (29) – she nonetheless creates an impossible world that contains both isotropic time and freedom of will and action. This impossibility can be pardoned, because time travel in Kindred is used to defamiliarize the past, by depicting it through the eyes of a homodiegetic narrator who has much more in common with the implied reader than she does with the average African American slave. The narrative thus recreates the horrors of slavery in a way which is intended to shock an audience already benumbed by innumerable slave narratives and documentaries. However, this affect is predicated on Danas depth and complexity, and therefore it is crucial that she be free to make her own choices on an ontological level, in at least one of the fictional worlds of the novel. Hence, the modern chronotope of confined space and restricted multidirectional time, coupled with ontological freedom, shape the characters as free beings who are constantly struggling with the oppressive forces pitted against them. Dana and Kevin, her husband, do not wait resignedly for her sudden abductions into the past, but exert every effort in order to increase her chances of survival: Kevin furnishes Dana with a weapon – On the side of me was a canvas tote bag containing†¦ the biggest switch knife I had ever seen (45) â €“ searches the local library, and even travels with her to the past, and Dana supplies herself with medication and a map of Maryland, and calls for help when she realizes that she cannot do her own shopping. The second chronotope of the novel is the slavery chronotope, in which space is bounded to the Weylin slave plantation, and time is linear the narrative moves forward in time from Rufus early childhood to his death and fragmented: the world is depicted in discontinuous sections of time, which are delimited at their start by a moment in which Rufus feels that his life is in danger, and at their end by a moment in which Dana feels her life is threatened. This fractured time creates fractured characters, because both the narrator and the reader have access to them only in isolated stages of their lives, with substantial gaps in between. Dana first meets Margaret Weylin, for example, when she is a young overprotective mother who beats her childs savior. Dana meets her a secon d time four years later, and she is still overprotective, fiercely jealous and vindictive. However, when Dana meets her for the third and last time, Margaret is eleven years older and profoundly changed: vulnerable, weak, and pathetic. Both Dana and the reader find it difficult to accept Margarets change, because for Dana only a few months have passed (including both the time she spent in the past and that which she spent in the present), and for the reader only a single chapter separates between Danas previous meeting with Margaret and the current one. Thus, we see here an example of how science fiction projects narrative techniques from the extradiegetic level to the diegetic one narrative ellipses become actual ellipses in the fictional worlds timeline – which create an affinity between Danas experience of time travel and the readers reading experience. This in turn brings about the deconstruction of the fictional characters as unified entities that change gradually over time. All the characters in this world, with the exception of Dana and Kevin, are incomplete, and as much as Dana loves Carrie, hates Tom Weylin, and pities Alice Greenwood, her perception of them is discontinuous, and she can never relate to them as fully as they relate to one another. The slavery chronotope leads us once again to the issue of predestination. This issue manifests itself on two levels. On one level, the question of whether the fictional worlds timeline is fixed or mutable must remain ambiguous, in order for the narrative to retain its credibility and poignancy. If the fictional world were clearly deterministic, the preservation of Danas ancestry would be assured and she would probably abandon Rufus to his death, thereby bringing the story to an abrupt end. Yet if the fictional world were overtly subject to change, then the narrative would lose its raw power of depicting Danas attempts to instill Rufus with modern moral values and to alleviate the suffering of the pl antation slaves as gambling against history (83), a struggle doomed to failure. By the end of the narrative it is still unclear if the fictional worlds timeline is fixed, in which case Dana has no choice but to rescue her ancestor, or rather if it is open, in which case she indeed saves her lineage and herself through her endurance and resourcefulness. This ambiguity is heightened by the absence of any mention of Dana in the newspaper reporting Rufus death I could find nothing in the incomplete newspaper records to suggest that he had been murdered, (263) – thereby suggesting that his demise was predetermined, and it is of little consequence that Dana was the agent of death. On the second level, the novel deals extensively with the notion of socio-historical determinism: how easily slaves are made (177). It explores how the slavery chronotope inevitably engenders slaves and slave owners. In other words, the issue at stake on this level is not determinism resulting from logic al paradoxes, but rather the extent in which human behavior is controlled by spatiality and temporality (chronotope). This issue is dramatized through the process in which the slavery chronotope inexorably destabilizes the identities of Dana and Kevin, as they are shaped by the modern chronotope as liberal thinkers, modern writers, and open-minded, affectionate lovers – and reshapes them respectively as a slave and a slave owner who becomes an abolitionist. In this context, it is most telling that Danas black skin color is only mentioned on her second journey to the past, three chapters into the novel, when Rufus states that his mother called her just some nigger (24). It is almost as if she was a white woman in the fictional world structured around the modern chronotope, and it is the slavery chronotope that has suddenly blackened her. At this stage she is still secure enough in her modern identity to return a rebuke: Im a black woman, Rufe. If you have to call me something other than my name, thats it.' (25). However, her attitude towards Rufus derogatory language changes in her next journey, when Kevin wishes to chastise him for exclaiming that Niggers cant marry white people!' (60), but she lays a hand on Kevins arm just in time to stop him from saying whatever he would have said. (60-1). In the same journey Dana attempts to assert their otherness we werent really in. We were observers watching a show†¦ poor actors. We never really got into our roles. (98) – but her words carry a degree of self deception, since shortly beforehand she felt vaguely ashamed when Tom Weylin caught her leaving Kevins bedroom I felt almost as though I really was doing something shameful, happily playing whore for my supposed owner. (97) – thereby betraying that the slavery chronotope has already begun to reshape her identity. Even her attempt to teach Nigel to read and write is a typical act of a rebellious slave, not of a modern woman. Kevins identi ty is similarly reshaped, as we may see in his declaration that nineteenth century America could be a great time to live in,' (97). His abolitionist activities mentioned later on in the narrative are once again characteristic of a nineteenth century enlightened white man, not of a young liberal in 1976 California. Thus, by the end of this journey Dana is ready to admit that now and then†¦ I cant maintain the distance. Im drawn all the way into eighteen nineteen (101). Danas next journey to the past marks a further step in the slavery chronotopes reshaping of her identity. She now regards the plantation as her home – I was startled to catch myself saying wearily, Home at last.' (127) – thereby severely calling into question the status of her house in twentieth century California. Moreover, while dining with Rufus she states I put down my biscuit and reined in whatever part of my mind Id left in 1976. (134) thus indicating that the change imposed on her by the sla very chronotope is accelerated by her own self fashioning as a slave, in an attempt to ease her suffering in the harsh reality encompassing her. This destabilization of Danas identity is articulated in Tom Weylins interrogation of her: Who are you? he demanded. What are you?†¦ I dont know what you want me to say, I told him. Im Dana. You know me. Dont tell me what I know!' (130); indeed, by the time Dana returns from her fourth journey to the past, it is no longer clear who she is. This is true for Kevin to an even larger extent: his identity has been reshaped so profoundly by the slavery chronotope in the five years that he spent in the past, that he feels like a stranger in his own home and century. The dialectical shaping and reshaping of characters by the novels two chronotopes is epitomized in the juxtaposition of the sexual intercourse between Dana and Kevin in the fictional world of 1976 California, and Rufus attempted rape of Dana in the fictional world of mid nineteent h century Maryland. After they return to the twentieth century, Dana insists that Kevin make love to her, despite his misgivings: Go to bed, said Kevin†¦ Come to bed with me.†¦ Come with me, I repeated softly. Dana, youre hurt. Your back†¦ Please come with me. He did. (189-90). This act portrays Dana as a willful young woman with a sexual appetite, who feels secure in her own body and self confident enough to demand that her husband pleasure her. Yet shortly afterward, Dana returns to the past and is nearly raped by Rufus, in the scene which marks the culmination of the novel. The first moments of this scene portray a completely different Dana: apathetic, submissive, and ready to surrender her body to the exploitation of a man who treats her as his slave. She initially displays meekness equal to the insistence with which she implored Kevin to come to bed with her: I realized how easy it would be for me to continue to be still and forgive him even this. So easy, in spi te of all my talk (259). Thus, Danas antithetical behavior in these two scenes reflects the extent in which fictional characters are shaped by the chronotopes of the worlds they inhabit. Another example of this is Danas agreement to write letters for Rufus, which stands in contrast to her obdurate refusal to type for Kevin. Yet despite textual evidence that the slavery chronotope almost fully erodes Danas modern identity and reshapes her as a slave in the fictional world of the past, in the final moments of the attempted rape scene the last vestige of her modern identity drives her to rebel against Rufus: No. (260). Ironically, she saves herself by killing him, which is once again an act of a rebellious slave, not of a free modern woman. In the novels dà ©nouement Dana returns to the modern world, this time permanently, but in the process her left arm becomes a part of the wall (261). I suggest that her arm is caught in the gap between chronotopes, in that same space through which Rufus saw her coming to rescue him from the elements of fire and water, and which solidifies into a plaster wall after Dana kills him. One may also construe the mutilation as the price Dana must pay for undergoing such extensive reshaping as an obedient slave: she is mutilated in the same way that nineteenth century slaves were maimed as punishment for transgressions against their owners. Thus, the loss of modern identity entails the loss of an arm. To conclude, I have attempted a close analysis of the chronotopic shaping and reshaping of fictional characters in H.G. Wells The Time Machine and Octavia Butlers Kindred. By tracing the profound influence that travel between worlds with different chronotopes has on the protagonists of the two literary works, I have tried to show the intrinsic connection between a literary texts chronotope and its characterization. BibliographyBakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich. Forms of Time and Chronotope in the Novel. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. Boston: Beacon Press, 2003.Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. London: Ernest Benn, 1927.

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